Renal Stones/ renal colic

Q The best modality for treating lower pole renal calculus 1.5 cm in size is

a) ESWL (Extra Corporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy ( ESWL)
b) Percutaneous  Nephrolithotomy ( PCNL)
c) Pyelolithotomy
d) Neohrolithotomy







Answer
b

Stone location as well as size is known to have an important bearing on choosing the modality for treatment of renal calculi. ESWL is not so successful in clearing lower pole calculi because of limited clearance of fragments from the dependent lower pole of kidney.
European association of Urological guidelines for stones recommend PCNL for stones more than 2 cm anywhere and more than 1.5 cm in lower pole calyces.

Pear Shaped Urinary Bladder

Question
All are causes of "pear shaped"  Urinary Bladder except
a.Pelvic lipomatosis
b. Pelvic fibrosis
c) Iliopsoas hypertrophy
d) Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Answer
d) Pear Shaped urinary bladder is also known as tear drop urinary bladder. It is a condition in which the normal oval structure of UB is compressed and it resembles a pear. Any collection in pelvis or around UB can lead to this. Retroperitoneal fibrosis is far away to cause any changes in the bladder wall

Link to Detailed Reference